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"Any variable that is not of immediate interest to a researcher but which may pose a threat to validity because it compromises the interpretation of research findings.This is usually because it obscures the measurement of processes of interest." What is this a glossary definition of?


A) A independent variable.
B) A dependent variable.
C) An extraneous variable.
D) A threat variable.
E) An obscuring variable.

F) All of the above
G) C) and E)

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If the manipulation of an independent variable inadvertently manipulates a second variable that is actually responsible for observed effects on a dependent variable, which of the following statements is true?


A) The second variable should be included as a factor in the experimental design.
B) The second variable is a threat to the study's internal validity.
C) This is an example of extraneous manipulation.
D) This is an example of confounding.
E) Both (b) and (d) .

F) C) and E)
G) A) and E)

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A researcher conducts a study in which participants are asked to administer electric shocks to a participant in what they believe to be a memory experiment, but which in fact is a study of obedience.In a number of different conditions the proximity of the researcher to the participant is varied to see if this has an impact on participants' willingness to administer shocks of different intensity.Which of the following statements is true.


A) This study has no independent variable and no dependent variable.
B) In this study memory is the independent variable, shock intensity is the dependent variable.
C) In this study proximity is the independent variable, shock intensity is the dependent variable.
D) In this study proximity is the independent variable, memory is the dependent variable.
E) In this study proximity is the dependent variable, memory is the independent variable.

F) All of the above
G) B) and E)

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Which of the fllowing statements is true?


A) Behavioural trace measures involve obtaining physical traces of people's behaviour to inform researchers about what people are currently doing or have done in the past.
B) Behavioural trace measures involve obtaining psychological traces of people's behaviour to inform researchers about what people are currently doing or have done in the past.
C) Behavioural trace measures involve obtaining physical traces of people's behaviour to inform researchers about what people will do in the future.
D) Behavioural trace measures involve obtaining physical traces of people's psychology to inform researchers about what people were thinking in the past.
E) Behavioural trace measures involve obtaining physical traces of people's psychology to inform researchers about what people will do in the future.

F) B) and D)
G) None of the above

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